As language models (LMs) scale, they develop many novel behaviors, good and bad, exacerbating the need to evaluate how they behave. Prior work creates evaluations with crowdwork (which is time-consuming and expensive) or existing data sources (which are not always available). Here, we automatically generate evaluations with LMs. We explore approaches with varying amounts of human effort, from instructing LMs to write yes/no questions to making complex Winogender schemas with multiple stages of LM-based generation and filtering. Crowdworkers rate the examples as highly relevant and agree with 90-100% of labels, sometimes more so than corresponding human-written datasets. We generate 154 datasets and discover new cases of inverse scaling where LMs get worse with size. Larger LMs repeat back a dialog user's preferred answer ("sycophancy") and express greater desire to pursue concerning goals like resource acquisition and goal preservation. We also find some of the first examples of inverse scaling in RL from Human Feedback (RLHF), where more RLHF makes LMs worse. For example, RLHF makes LMs express stronger political views (on gun rights and immigration) and a greater desire to avoid shut down. Overall, LM-written evaluations are high-quality and let us quickly discover many novel LM behaviors.

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.

目的：大大缩短定量3D化学交换饱和转移（CEST）和半固体磁化转移（MT）成像所需的采集时间，并允许快速化学交换参数图重建。方法：三维CEST和MT磁共振指纹（MRF）数据集的L-精氨酸幻象，全脑，全脑和小腿肌肉的健康志愿者，癌症患者和心脏病患者是使用3T临床扫描仪在3T不同的位点使用3T临床扫描仪获得的3种不同的扫描仪模型和线圈。然后，设计和训练了一个生成的对抗网络监督框架（GAN-CEST），以学习从减少的输入数据空间到定量交换参数空间的映射，同时保留感知和定量内容。结果：GAN-CEST 3D采集时间为42-52秒，比CEST-MRF短70％。整个大脑的定量重建需要0.8秒。在地面真相和基于GAN的L-精氨酸浓度和pH值之间观察到了极好的一致性（Pearson的R> 0.97，NRMSE <1.5％）。来自脑肿瘤受试者的gan-cest图像产生的半固体量分数和汇率NRMSE为3.8 $ \ pm $ 1.3％和4.6 $ \ pm $ 1.3％，SSIM和96.3 $ \ pm $ \ pm $ 1.6％和95.0 $ \ pm $ 2.4％。半固体交换参数的NRMSE <7％和SSIM> 94％的小腿肌肉交换参数的映射。与MRF相比，在具有较大敏感性伪像的区域中，Gan-Cest表现出改善的性能和噪声降低。结论：Gan-Cest可以大大减少定量半固体MT/CEST映射的获取时间，同时即使在训练过程中无法使用的病理和扫描仪模型时，也可以保持性能。

预期观众对某些文本的反应是社会的几个方面不可或缺的，包括政治，研究和商业行业。情感分析（SA）是一种有用的自然语言处理（NLP）技术，它利用词汇/统计和深度学习方法来确定不同尺寸的文本是否表现出正面，负面或中立的情绪。但是，目前缺乏工具来分析独立文本的组并从整体中提取主要情感。因此，当前的论文提出了一种新型算法，称为多层推文分析仪（MLTA），该算法使用多层网络（MLN）以图形方式对社交媒体文本进行了图形方式，以便更好地编码跨越独立的推文集的关系。与其他表示方法相比，图结构能够捕获复杂生态系统中有意义的关系。最先进的图形神经网络（GNN）用于从Tweet-MLN中提取信息，并根据提取的图形特征进行预测。结果表明，与标准的正面，负或中性相比，MLTA不仅可以从更大的可能情绪中预测，从而提供了更准确的情感，还允许对Twitter数据进行准确的组级预测。

Here, we demonstrate how machine learning enables the prediction of comonomers reactivity ratios based on the molecular structure of monomers. We combined multi-task learning, multi-inputs, and Graph Attention Network to build a model capable of predicting reactivity ratios based on the monomers chemical structures.

Modern deep neural networks have achieved superhuman performance in tasks from image classification to game play. Surprisingly, these various complex systems with massive amounts of parameters exhibit the same remarkable structural properties in their last-layer features and classifiers across canonical datasets. This phenomenon is known as "Neural Collapse," and it was discovered empirically by Papyan et al. \cite{Papyan20}. Recent papers have theoretically shown the global solutions to the training network problem under a simplified "unconstrained feature model" exhibiting this phenomenon. We take a step further and prove the Neural Collapse occurrence for deep linear network for the popular mean squared error (MSE) and cross entropy (CE) loss. Furthermore, we extend our research to imbalanced data for MSE loss and present the first geometric analysis for Neural Collapse under this setting.

Machine Reading Comprehension has become one of the most advanced and popular research topics in the fields of Natural Language Processing in recent years. The classification of answerability questions is a relatively significant sub-task in machine reading comprehension; however, there haven't been many studies. Retro-Reader is one of the studies that has solved this problem effectively. However, the encoders of most traditional machine reading comprehension models in general and Retro-Reader, in particular, have not been able to exploit the contextual semantic information of the context completely. Inspired by SemBERT, we use semantic role labels from the SRL task to add semantics to pre-trained language models such as mBERT, XLM-R, PhoBERT. This experiment was conducted to compare the influence of semantics on the classification of answerability for the Vietnamese machine reading comprehension. Additionally, we hope this experiment will enhance the encoder for the Retro-Reader model's Sketchy Reading Module. The improved Retro-Reader model's encoder with semantics was first applied to the Vietnamese Machine Reading Comprehension task and obtained positive results.

RTE is a significant problem and is a reasonably active research community. The proposed research works on the approach to this problem are pretty diverse with many different directions. For Vietnamese, the RTE problem is moderately new, but this problem plays a vital role in natural language understanding systems. Currently, methods to solve this problem based on contextual word representation learning models have given outstanding results. However, Vietnamese is a semantically rich language. Therefore, in this paper, we want to present an experiment combining semantic word representation through the SRL task with context representation of BERT relative models for the RTE problem. The experimental results give conclusions about the influence and role of semantic representation on Vietnamese in understanding natural language. The experimental results show that the semantic-aware contextual representation model has about 1% higher performance than the model that does not incorporate semantic representation. In addition, the effects on the data domain in Vietnamese are also higher than those in English. This result also shows the positive influence of SRL on RTE problem in Vietnamese.

To the best of our knowledge, this paper made the first attempt to answer whether word segmentation is necessary for Vietnamese sentiment classification. To do this, we presented five pre-trained monolingual S4- based language models for Vietnamese, including one model without word segmentation, and four models using RDRsegmenter, uitnlp, pyvi, or underthesea toolkits in the pre-processing data phase. According to comprehensive experimental results on two corpora, including the VLSP2016-SA corpus of technical article reviews from the news and social media and the UIT-VSFC corpus of the educational survey, we have two suggestions. Firstly, using traditional classifiers like Naive Bayes or Support Vector Machines, word segmentation maybe not be necessary for the Vietnamese sentiment classification corpus, which comes from the social domain. Secondly, word segmentation is necessary for Vietnamese sentiment classification when word segmentation is used before using the BPE method and feeding into the deep learning model. In this way, the RDRsegmenter is the stable toolkit for word segmentation among the uitnlp, pyvi, and underthesea toolkits.

Novel topological spin textures, such as magnetic skyrmions, benefit from their inherent stability, acting as the ground state in several magnetic systems. In the current study of atomic monolayer magnetic materials, reasonable initial guesses are still needed to search for those magnetic patterns. This situation underlines the need to develop a more effective way to identify the ground states. To solve this problem, in this work, we propose a genetic-tunneling-driven variance-controlled optimization approach, which combines a local energy minimizer back-end and a metaheuristic global searching front-end. This algorithm is an effective optimization solution for searching for magnetic ground states at extremely low temperatures and is also robust for finding low-energy degenerated states at finite temperatures. We demonstrate here the success of this method in searching for magnetic ground states of 2D monolayer systems with both artificial and calculated interactions from density functional theory. It is also worth noting that the inherent concurrent property of this algorithm can significantly decrease the execution time. In conclusion, our proposed method builds a useful tool for low-dimensional magnetic system energy optimization.